Abstracts of Magazine FUJITSU 2009-1 (VOL.60, NO.1)

Special Issue 1: Mobile WiMAX Solutions

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• Fujitsu's Challenge for Mobile WiMAX

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) system is a promising candidate for providing high-data-rate mobile broadband access systems around the world. UQ Communications Inc. plans to start a commercial service in this year in Japan and Sprint/Clearwire has already started a commercial service in last year. This paper describes specific features of Mobile WiMAX, such as scalable orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), adaptive modulation and coding, and smart antenna technologies, a system configuration, candidate applications, and our challenges for WiMAX system solutions.

• Mobile WiMAX Standardization Activities

Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Mobile WiMAX) is a wireless system based on the Mobile WiMAX system profile, as defined by the WiMAX Forum. Detail specification is given in the 802.16 WirelessMAN standard, defined by a subgroup of the IEEE 802 committee called the 802.16 Working Group (WG). Thus, the Mobile WiMAX standard is being created by two different organizations: 802.16 WG and WiMAX Forum. In this article, we briefly discuss the differences in objectives and operation of the two standards organizations and introduce Fujitsu's related activities. Fujitsu has formed a team from its laboratories around the world to participate in the technology-oriented standardization efforts of the 802.16 WG, and Fujitsu's product development groups are active in the industry-focused WiMAX Forum, discussing issues such as product-certification testing and interconnectivity with other companies' products.

• Digital Baseband SoC for Mobile WiMAX Terminal

We have developed a digital baseband system-on-a-chip (SoC) that conforms to the next-generation wireless communication standard, Mobile WiMAX, for mobile terminals. This SoC consists of the physical layer (PHY), lower media access control layer (LMAC), and dual processors. The PHY carries out multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processing and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) modulation and demodulation. The LMAC implements cryptography functions and controls frame-level data transactions. The dual processors are used for MAC layer processing to achieve high data throughput with a low clock frequency. The SoC offers a maximum data reception of 45 Mbps at an operating frequency of 44.8 MHz.

• Power Consumption Control Technology in Mobile WiMAX MAC Layer

Reducing the power consumption of mobile terminals (MTs) is one of the major issues for wireless broadband systems. The Mobile WiMAX standard defines Idle and Sleep modes to reduce MT power consumption by suspending the operation of the MT. In addition, this standard defines a protocol that enables the MT's transmitting power to be controlled from the base station. However, manufacturers should consider how to implement these modes and a protocol for using them. In this paper, we describe mechanisms for implementing the Idle and Sleep modes in an MT using the functionality of the media access control (MAC) layer. We also describe a novel transmission power control algorithm that can reduce power consumption.

• Novel Compact RF Module for Mobile WiMAX Terminal Equipment

This paper describes a radio frequency (RF) module for Mobile WiMAX, where low cost, low power consumption, and small size are needed. To satisfy these requirements, we developed a new micro-size RF module and a new RF CMOS LSI using 90-nm CMOS technology. The RF module supports three main frequency bands and downlink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and includes RF LSIs, a power amplifier, a voltage-controlled temperature compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), and band-pass filters (BPFs). Its size is 15 mm x 11 mm x 1.7 mm. This paper presents the RF architecture and high-frequency circuit technology used for the RF LSI and RF module. The advantage of the RF module is that design engineers can easily get high-quality RF performance without special RF knowledge.

• Handset Module and System Design Kit for Mobile WiMAX Terminals

Fujitsu has developed a handset module (HSM), which incorporates its mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) chipset, and an accompanying system design kit (SDK) in collaboration with FDK CORPORATION. The HSM is composed of a WiMAX system-on-a-chip, a radio-frequency chip, and a dedicated power-supply chip, all developed by Fujitsu. It supports the 2.3-, 2.5-, and 3.5-GHz bands. Its external dimensions are 19.7 x 18.2 x 1.5 mm. The SDK is intended to help customers evaluate the HSM and to support the development of products using this chipset. It enables the operating state of most of the communications system and installed applications to be monitored using a personal computer. In this paper, we provide an overview of the hardware and software of the HSM and SDK and give an example of using them to develop a WiMAX terminal.

• High Efficiency GaN-HEMT Amplifier for Mobile WiMAX Base Station

Fujitsu has been developing gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors (GaN-HEMT) for small transmitter power amplifiers for Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) base stations. High efficiency amplifier with high gain is required to decrease power consumption and size of the base stations. GaN-HEMT has been attracted much attention for the high-power highly-efficient amplifier, because of it's high breakdown voltage characteristics. This paper describes the development of highly efficient GaN-HEMT for WiMAX base station. First, gate length and unit gate width were designed to improve gain performance. We have found that electrical trap characterization was key features for improving efficiency. Drain efficiency of 50 % with adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) less than -50 dBc was obtained with mobile WiMAX signals, which will lead to small base station.

Special Issue 2: Video Processing and Solutions

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• Social Trends in Video Use and Fujitsu's Initiatives

The use of video content has been on the increase in recent years with the shift to digital broadcasting, high-definition television, and broadband networks. Furthermore, solutions incorporating video use are becoming more common as part of the utilization of information and communication technology (ICT)-not just in the media and content fields, but also in various other business and public fields such as security, disaster prevention, medicine, education, agriculture, intelligent transport systems (ITS), and regional revitalization. In this article, we introduce the current state of progress in video use and present some background and policy trends related to video use promotion.

• Storage of Multiple Long-Term Surveillance Video Streams

The proliferation of Internet protocol (IP) networks, the introduction of inexpensive cameras, and the ease with which digital video can now be handled has in a dramatic increase in the number of installed surveillance cameras in recent years. Although surveillance video can be monitored in real time, it is also becoming more important to record and store video as evidence of accidents or illegal activities. Much of the surveillance video taken is only recorded and stored. However, as the number of video sources and the number of accumulated hours of recordings increase, it is becoming more and more difficult to manage or search through the video for a desired scene. In this paper, we give an overview and discuss the features of a video storage system that can store surveillance video from 100 or more cameras over long periods of time. The system uses surveillance-camera management information and an MPEG multicast stream from existing cameras and stores the resulting large volume of video data on a network storage device.

• Advanced Physical Security Using Imaging Technology

In recent years, cases of leaked private information and compliance violations have threatened the very existence of corporations, and this has prompted greater activity related to internal controls and increased the demand for general security measures within enterprises. In this expanding market, Fujitsu has taken the lead over other vendors by introducing a physical-security solution based on video compression technology and palm vein pattern authentication technology. In 2007, we introduced much stronger physical security systems incorporating biometric authentication and image processing to detect the number of persons present at an entry point and prevent unauthorized persons entering together with an authenticated person (multi-person entry prevention), as well as new video surveillance systems with no camera blind-spots. These systems are being used in data centers of major system integrators as well as Fujitsu's own system centers. In this paper, we introduce an application of image-sensor processing technology for detecting the entry and exit of persons and image-compression technology for storing surveillance-video data covering long periods of time. We also discuss plans for the future development of this business.

• Global Development of IP-9500 High-Definition Transmission System

Video content has recently been shifting to the high definition (HD) format, with the development of terrestrial digital television broadcasting around the world, the proliferation of the high-speed Internet protocol (IP) network infrastructure, and the increasing competition among video-content service providers to integrate broadcast and communications services. Since a large amount of additional investment in transmission systems and increased transmission costs would be required to handle the large increases in HD video content using conventional MPEG-2 formats, there is rapidly increasing demand to implement H.264/AVC, the latest video encoding technology, which supports data compression rates twice as high as earlier technologies. Fujitsu has taken the lead in demonstrating the effectiveness of this new encoding technology with the IP-9500 Hi-Vision transmission system, the first H.264/AVC-format product on the market. In this paper, we introduce this product and the state of its development in the global market.

• SaaS Audio-Visual Content-Delivery Platform

As we enter the Next-Generation-Network era, the number and quality of services delivering video via the Internet are increasing rapidly. In response to this trend, Fujitsu has begun providing a high-quality video-delivery business-platform service. This platform provides copyright-management functions for safe distribution of video content, an infrastructure to handle high-volume distribution, and support for the distribution of Hi-Vision-class video content. In this paper, we describe how, by providing this platform in the Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) format, we can provide and implement video delivery services quickly while controlling costs according to the scope and purpose of the application. Applications range from Net TV, which is expected to penetrate consumer markets quickly, to video delivery to client equipment or personal computers in companies for the e-learning and public relations fields.

• Video Delivery System for Net-TV

The Japanese Internet protocol television (IPTV) standard has recently progressed and a television terminal called "Net-TV" that can receive an IPTV data stream directly is being deployed. New service providers who deliver video contents are emerging (e.g., Actvila). The main technical functions of a video delivery system are encoding, delivery, and contents protection. This paper introduces Fujitsu approaches to and a product for contents delivery technology. For technology aimed at delivery over the Internet, new specifications based on the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) have been standardized for contents delivery services. Leading the industry, Fujitsu has implemented the standards in its product "MillionStream". For reducing the cost of center equipment, Fujitsu is working on pre-deployment cache and load-balancing functions for on-demand services. Still under development is software for services providing IP retransmission of digital terrestrial broadcasts.

• Futureye II: Video-Solution Middleware for Archiving, Streaming, and Managing Content

Fujitsu announced its broadband video solution, called Broadsight, in 2003 and has since prepared a lineup of products including the IP series of real-time video encoder/decoders and the Futureye middleware for archiving, streaming, and managing video content. All of this has contributed to the development of the video surveillance and broadcasting industries. Since 2006, when IP-9500 and Futureye II (an enhanced version of Futureye) were released, applications of the highly efficient video-encoding technology H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC have expanded beyond traditional markets to include private use, as well as use in education, medicine, and advertising. With the release of IP-900 in December 2008, H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC support for standard-definition (SD) video also became available, which will further expand the market. Functions for supporting these new markets have also been added to Futureye II, which will further expand the range of uses. In this paper, we introduce the H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC support in Futureye II along with the various new functions supporting these various new markets.

• IP-9500 and IP-900 H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC Real-time Video Encoder/Decoder

Fujitsu's IP-9500 is a real-time video encoder/decoder for transmitting high-definition (HD) video that uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC encoding. It has been favorably received worldwide for its high transmission quality of high-image-quality, low-delay video. Since entering the market in January, 2007, it has been widely used, mainly by commercial broadcasters, as an inexpensive way to gather and deliver HD video. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC technology has recently been considered for use in Internet protocol television (IPTV) systems being created by broadcasters and in various other applications such as video surveillance by governments and private enterprises. The range of video content handled has also expanded to include other formats ranging from standard definition (SD) up to HD. In this paper, we introduce the latest IP-9500 and IP-900 series products, which meet the needs of various applications ranging from video surveillance to broadcasting for gathering, storing, and delivering video content.

• Media Processing Technologies for Audio-Visual Solutions

Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. has been developing underlying technologies for Fujitsu's audio-visual solutions to improve the quality of audio-video coding, along with related system technologies required to develop solutions using these technologies. In this paper, we describe some of the latest results being used in Fujitsu products. We first introduce a high-performance Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) compression technology for 5.1-channel audio that is subjectively indistinguishable from the original audio signal. Then, we discuss an H.264/MPEG-4 AVC-compliant video coding technology for live broadcasting that achieves market-leading end-to-end video-transfer latency of 300 ms. Finally, we introduce a high-speed transcoding system that achieves its high speed through parallel processing and supports multiple coding standards via a common programming interface.